Electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) is a technique for measuring the zeta potential of particle dispersions and macromolecular solutions. Zeta potential is the surface charge that a particle or ...

Chemical mechanical polishing/planarization (CMP) is a technique extensively used throughout the microelectronics industry to smooth surfaces of a substrate by utilizing a mixture of chemical and ...

Proteins consisting of amino acids are key macromolecules that play essential roles in all kinds of activities in living organisms. In particular, amino acids are bound by peptide bonds to create ...

The primary components of LNP–RNA are ionizable lipids, cholesterol, PEGylated lipids, and phospholipids, which together form the nanoparticle, along with the active pharmaceutical ingredient, RNA.