Explore how the crowding-out and multiplier effects impact government stimulus spending. Learn which theory better stimulates ...

This Selected Issues Paper revisits fiscal multipliers for Estonia with a view to highlighting policy trade-offs and providing growth-friendly options for fiscal consolidation. The pandemic triggered ...

This paper investigates dynamic relationships between U.S. government expenditure multipliers and the economy's cyclical position from 1949 to 2018 using a Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregression ...

The United States has implemented large-scale fiscal policy measures to help households and businesses cushion the economic fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic and to strengthen the recovery. The ...