This article was published in Scientific American’s former blog network and reflects the views of the author, not necessarily those of Scientific American Classical conditioning is one of those ...

In Ivan Pavlov’s famous experiments conditioning dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell, timing mattered. The quicker the food followed the bell, the stronger the dog’s response the next time it rang ...

Everybody knows about Pavlov’s dogs—the pooches who taught us about conditioning by being trained to salivate at the sound of the bell. But what kind of dog did he use? Easily trainable German ...

For a primer on consciousness and the brain, click here. When students first learn about Pavlov's dogs—dogs that learned to salivate to the sound of a bell (the "conditioned stimulus") when the bell ...

Edward Wasserman does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond ...