Complex network theory has become a key analytical framework in modern physics for studying structure, dynamics, and emergent behaviour in complex systems.

In the face of the dual challenges of climate change and energy security, conducting in-depth research on energy and carbon emission (E&C) systems has become crucial for nations to address ...

Over the past two decades, new technologies have helped scientists generate a vast amount of biological data. Large-scale experiments in genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and cytometry can ...

Despite these advances, the study underscores a critical limitation: the energy–intelligence paradox. Large AI models require ...